ABSTRACT
Recourse to litigation and positive judicial interventions is one of the most effective tools to meet public health objectives. The present review envisions compiling litigation and judicial measures in Southeast Asia Region (SEAR) while assessing their role in advancing smokeless tobacco (SLT) control, and equally highlighting, how tobacco industry has used litigation to undermine tobacco control efforts in the Region. The litigation, especially from the SEAR, up to 2017, that have facilitated SLT control or have been used by the tobacco industry to challenge an SLT control policy decision were reviewed. Most of the litigation related to SLT control from the Region are on pictorial health warnings. Bhutan has imposed a complete prohibition on sale, manufacture and import of all kinds of tobacco products and the litigation there relates to the prosecution of offenders for violating the ban. Judiciary in the Region is well informed about the ill-effects of tobacco use and remains positive to tobacco control initiatives in the interest of public health. In India, several SLT-specific litigation helped in better regulation of SLT products in the country. Litigation has compelled governments for effective enforcement of the domestic tobacco control laws and the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Parties to the WHO FCTC must now use Treaty Article 19 to strengthen their legal procedures and make the tobacco industry liable, for both criminal and civil wrongs.
ABSTRACT
Este trabalho apresenta algumas idéias relativas ao impacto que as decisões judiciais causam no sistema político. Diferentemente do que se costuma destacar do trabalho dos tribunais em matéria de direitos sociais, quando se põem em relevo os padrões e formas em que os tribunais os concebem para satisfazer as demandas de justiciabilidade desses direitos, os autores - que se centram no caso chileno - mostram como o litígio estratégico pode causar, apesar de resultados judiciais adversos, um impacto positivo na satisfação dos direitos sociais. Esse impacto depende mais da sensatez do sistema político para levar em conta a situação desesperada em que se encontram muitos de seus cidadãos, ou o temor da pressão política, do que das possibilidades que oferecem as grandes declarações provenientes dos tribunais.
This paper presents some ideas about the impact that court rulings can have on the political system. Unlike what is usually written about the role of the Judiciary on the subject of human rights, when the emphasis is placed on the patterns and methods the courts devise to respond to claims for the justiciability of these rights, the authors - who focus on the Chilean case - illustrate how strategic litigation can, even with adverse judicial outcomes, have a positive impact on the satisfaction of social rights. The paper will also show how this impact depends more on the sensibility of the political system to respond to the desperate situation in which many of its citizens find themselves, and on the fear of political pressure, than on the possibilities opened up by major court rulings.
El presente trabajo avanza algunas ideas relativas al impacto que las decisiones judiciales tienen en el sistema político. A diferencia de lo que suele destacarse del trabajo de las cortes en materia de derechos sociales, donde se pone de relieve los estándares y formas en que las cortes se las ingenian para satisfacer las demandas de justiciabilidad de estos derechos, los autores- que se centran en el caso chileno- muestran cómo el litigo estratégico puede causar de todas formas, y a pesar de resultados judiciales adversos, un positivo impacto en la satisfacción de los derechos sociales. Ese impacto depende más de la sensatez del sistema político para caer en cuenta de la situación desesperada en que se encuentran muchos de sus ciudadanos o del temor a la presión política, antes que en las posibilidades que ofrecen las grandes declaraciones provenientes de las cortes.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To put forward suggestion for establishing public interest litigation system in drug supervision and administration field in China.METHODS:Literature research and comprehensive analysis were applied to analyze the relationship between the problems of drug supervision and administration field and defect of drug supervision and administration system.And then the necessity of public interest litigation system in drug supervision and administration field was also analyzed.RESULTS:There are some serious problems which impact on people's lives and health,such as weak drug quality control,fake drug advertisement continuing to exist after repeated prohibition and right abuse of drug supervision and administration,etc.These problems may be associated with the defect of drug supervision and administration system such as defective administration system,ineffective administration,ect.A new system should be established.The public interest litigation system has the advantage of dealing with these problems.CONCLUSION:It's necessary to establish the public interest litigation system to improve the unsatisfactory situation in the field of the drug supervision and administration.